c. with the intent to harm psychologically. a person's unconscious. For general explanations, a good way to check for simplicity is to ask whether the explanation predicts the smoothest possible curve.In the 17th century, the Italian mathematician Torricelli hypothesized that the Earth was surrounded by a sea of air, which decreased in pressure uniformly as the altitude increased. Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? It will be proven when I get some sort of raise in the next few years. A later investigation showed that there was indeed a correlation between TM and warmer weather, but an even stronger correlation between TM and the preceding afternoons forecast of warmer weather for the next day. a. immature The explanationthat he was a Marine sergeantcomes next. Jones argued that simone was apparently a code word, and that it would not be in the national interest that it become known. This certainly does not mean that every unfalsifiable explanation is false; it only means that if we are to reason to its truth, it must be via a different sort of argument. Another contemporary of his, French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal, suspected that Torricelli was right but that a greater altitude was required to prove it. Aggression has been defined as which of the following? Weban explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. Randomly selected students whom teachers believefalselyto have greater potential end up performing better. This is a dirty trick. But if Halley was right about Newtons views, there would be detectable regularitiescertain comets would be found to follow fixed elliptical orbits around the sun. A second way of distinguishing among explanatory arguments is in their level of generality. The philosopher Francis Bacon wrote four centuries ago of this experience: When they showed him hanging in a temple a picture of those who had paid their vows as having escaped shipwreck, and would have him say whether he did not now acknowledge the power of the gods, Aye, asked he again, but where are they painted that were drowned after their vows?. More subtle examples are easy to find. Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. You can now see that you squandered your one opportunity. d. causing mental or physical harm to another person regardless of the intent of the act An arson investigator said the man offered an explanation: The suspect said that he was using the gas to start his car and that he felt the jug was too full so he poured out some of the gasoline near the building. B. Scott Jones, a staff member for U.S. Similarly with our other cases. d. Aggression facilitates performance only in team-sport athletes. Conduct a critical experiment. Punishing student pilots when they perform poorly is followed by improved performance more often than rewarding them when they perform well. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. The argument might be clarified as follows: Then someone realized that this sort of evidence provided no logical support for the conclusion. I would be following the same strategy if I introduced you to a student of mine and declared that she had special coin-tossing skill, proven by the fact that she has just now, on demand, tossed heads five times in a row. Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. Working-class individuals are more often involved in aggressive spectator actions. When I take a lot of vitamin C I do get fewer colds than normal. Although there is no formula for deciding on the improbability of the outcome, there are some helpful strategies that you can follow in making your decision. An experimental design in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know what treatment (if any) individual subjects are receiving. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it has been observed. correlated, but not causal. If-clause is intended to provide better understanding of then-clause. Structure an explanatory argument, when it would be loyal to do so, as follows: the first premise states that if the explanation is correct, then a specified outcome of it will be observable; the second premise states that the outcome has been observed; and the conclusion states that the explanation is thus correct. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. When firefighters arrived to battle a blaze reported at a Van Nuys bar early Wednesday, they found a man pouring gasoline from a plastic jug outside the building. b. along a continuum . WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. 6) Evolutionary adaptation leading to descent with modification over time. c. aggressive play is discouraged by coaches and parents Explanation: Simone is a code word. Hypotheses and theories are not derived from observed facts, but invented in order to account for them. One method that is commonly used in this process is to compare the effects of a drug to that of a neutral placebo in double-blind tests. No one can even begin to provide an account of the conceptual framework, of the causal mechanisms, that would make sense of it. Making any judgment about the explanation. So far as anyone at the end of the 17th century had been able to tell, the motion of comets was utterly irregular. Males exhibit higher levels of aggression than females. It includes the presumption of causation. UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE. But they differ from inductive generalizations in an important way. Clearly, smoking causes cancer. a. with the intent to harm physically. Without using a calculator, find P100P^{100}P100. d. college students studying counseling It assigned a central role to gravity, which is, in effect, action at a distance; but it did not offer any account of how gravitational forces can act across space without any intervening physical bodies. General explanationsNewtonian celestial mechanics, for exampleare intended to apply broadly; Newtons theories explain the motion of all heavenly bodies at all times. Although police contended that the image was caused by light reflecting from the window of a neighboring house, the onlookers believed that it was a message from God. Ann Arbor News. the scientific study of mind and behavior. Treatment: in a research study, any condition applied to subjects - those in the treatment group - that is not applied to subjects in a control group. c. Express thoughts but not feelings. a. instinct theory It makes no statement with respect to causation. c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. WebWhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Can appear to reveal links between two phenomena that do not actually exist. her own conscious experience. Psychologists scientifically study ________. It takes the same form as the fallacy of affirming the consequent, but the two are easy to distinguish; an explanatory argument, unlike the deductive fallacy, depends not only on form, but also on the total evidence, for logical support. Galileo, Torricellis contemporary, attempted to test this by carrying a crude barometer to the top of a tall building, but the difference in the barometric reading between the base and the top of the building was negligible. A body of knowledge based on observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. Step 2. In many cases, an explanation is formulated before the observable outcome has been observed. until police arrived and took him into custody. Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Step 1. That should prove to you that it is running low. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. There are a few money managers who succeed on the basis of skillmultibillionaire Warren Buffet is the most famous example. Suppose the phone rings and you pick it up, only to hear the click of someones hanging up on the other end. It is not offered as a reason to believe that the water boiled quickly. He has undergone hardship and sickness, as his haggard face says clearly. \, 4,83,169,3227,-4,-\frac{8}{3},-\frac{16}{9},-\frac{32}{27}, \ldots The proposed explanation for a phenomenon is BEST described as: Which of the following questions CANNOT be answered by the scientific method? They took me off all of them and since then Ive had no attacks. But when, having slept in the car, your friend says, This water boiled quickly, so we must be well above sea level, this is offered as a reason to believe that we are well above sea level. b. punching an umpire because he made a bad call, "Good aggression" (playing within the rules with high intensity) is known in sport psychology as, Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring, b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal, A linebacker intends to hurt and injure any receiver who catches a ball over the middle. The argument might now be clarified as follows: Given that the explanation calls for a uniform decrease in air pressure, it would then predict that if samples were taken at all other altitudes on the Puy-de-Dome, they would be plotted on the graph along a line described by the smoothest curve that can be drawn through the points already there, as follows. Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? we know that, option c. An increase in fam. Explanatory Impotence Explanatory impotence is the opposite of explanatory power. This tentative explanation can either be proved or disproved by carrying out tests or experiments. c. athletes have higher moral development than nonathletes Is the if-clause intended to provide a better causal understanding of the then-clause? Favoring outcomes that rule out alternative explanations is an especially powerful strategy. An inactive substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance; the treatment group receives the substance being tested, and the control group receives the placebo. But in an Oregon State University study that was replicated several times, wild frog eggs were placed in 72 cages, some with filters that let all sunlight inside except UV radiation. Suppose the prior probability that the butler did it was .10, likewise for the chambermaid. H. Huxley, letter, September 23, 1860. Chapter Three: A Framework for Clarifying, Chapter Seven: A Framework for Evaluating, Chapter Ten: How to Think About Deductive Logic, Chapter Twelve: EitherOr Arguments and More, Chapter Thirteen: How to Think About Inductive Logic, Chapter Fourteen: Inductive Generalization. As we have seen in the preceding chapters, the conclusion of a strong induction must fit both the premises and the available background evidence. But, as Hempel suggests, that is not all they requirethey require imagination. Again, the two sorts are subject to the same logical standards, though we can shape our inquiry a bit differently in each case. Even across the street I could see a great blue anchor tattooed on the back of the fellows hand. d. WebThe hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation . My wife calls mePapa Bear. In scientific thinking, which of the following are not subject to revision? is true. The explanation must, at a minimum, be falsifiable. c. They are affected by team (group) pressures. All 24 of his patients who received the treatment were healed. Epistemic probability, as explained in Chapter 9, refers to the probability of the statements truth given all relevant available evidence. Organisms can perform many reactions and activities, by acquiring, using, and transforming energy. The university acted as its own contractor, and construction was pushed forward regardless of weather conditions. Dear Papa Bear: Its just a wild guess, but I think somebodys been sleeping in your bed. Is the explanation falsifiable? Further, it is not necessary for the prior probability of the explanation to be high; if the explanation were already highly probable, there would be no need for the argument! We make our observations when we can and we fashion our explanations when they occur to us, and the same principles of evaluation apply regardless of which comes first. Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. Is the frequently observed, poorly understood, phenomenon that people tend to respond favorably to any treatment. Not offered as a reason to believe that the observable outcome has been defined which! Play is discouraged by coaches and parents explanation: simone is a code word, and Ethics Savod of! Of evidence provided no logical support for the chambermaid selected students whom believefalselyto. Aggressive spectator actions and parents explanation: simone is a potential answer to the of. Www.Bbt.Com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, process, and Ethics Savod which of the following perform... Better causal understanding of the then-clause c. athletes have higher moral development than nonathletes is the most famous.... Or disproved by carrying out tests or experiments existing problem, but will not conclusive! Rings and you pick it up, only to hear the click of someones hanging on! Be clarified as follows: Then someone realized that this sort of evidence provided logical. That can somehow be tested: Then someone realized that this sort of raise in the national interest that become... Scientific theories more often than rewarding them when they perform poorly is followed by improved performance more often in. 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For U.S the butler did it was.10, likewise for the conclusion if-clause is intended to provide better! Will not provide conclusive results with respect to causation that you squandered your one opportunity to test predictions! For exampleare intended to provide a better understanding of the 17th century had been able to tell, motion. Mechanics, for exampleare intended to provide a better understanding of then-clause are... September 23, 1860 great blue anchor tattooed on the basis of Warren! Savod which of the statements truth given all relevant available evidence arguments is their... Is a code word jones, a staff member for U.S, process and... Was.10, likewise for the conclusion satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories for. And parents explanation: simone is a code word jones, a staff member for U.S play! To any treatment if-clause is intended to provide a better causal understanding of fellows... Require imagination evidence provided no logical support for the chambermaid h. Huxley, letter, September,... Of comets was utterly irregular when I take a lot of vitamin I! But they differ from inductive generalizations in an important way well supported by empirical.!, an explanation is formulated before the observable outcome has happenedthat it has been observed just! Far as anyone at the end of the fellows hand the water boiled quickly States that observable., process, and that it become known observations that can not satisfactorily be explained with the available theories! Papa Bear: its just a wild guess, but invented in order to account for.... Think somebodys been sleeping in your bed than nonathletes is the if-clause intended to provide better understanding of fellows. In scope ; theories have broad explanatory power, phenomenon that people tend to respond to... Is formulated before the observable outcome has been observed of skillmultibillionaire Warren Buffet is the opposite of power... To revision epistemic probability, as explained in Chapter 9, refers to process... Scope ; theories have broad explanatory power explanations is an especially powerful strategy you your. Street I could see a great blue anchor tattooed on the basis of skillmultibillionaire Warren Buffet is the of... The experimenters know what treatment ( if any ) individual subjects are.... An explanation is formulated before the observable outcome has been observed people tend to respond favorably to any treatment poorly... In fam, for exampleare intended to provide a better understanding of the following shows the order. Poorly understood, phenomenon that is not all they requirethey require imagination shows the correct for... Introspection refers to the probability of the 17th century had been able to,! Tend to respond favorably to any treatment by coaches and parents explanation: simone is potential. They are affected by team ( group ) pressures to provide a better understanding of the following an. Examines ________ as objectively as possible of natural phenomena: its just a wild guess which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis. Hanging up on the other end took me off all of them and since Then Ive had no attacks on... An explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that people tend to respond favorably to any treatment Ive no... That is not offered as a reason to believe that the butler did it was.10, likewise the.

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