Strategy, Plain 4849 0 obj <>stream This study analyzed the products included on the. Medication error reporting in rural critical access hospitals in the North Dakota Telepharmacy Project. Afeditab CR (NIFEdipine) Tablet Slow-release The ISMP Do Not Crush List was reviewed, and the products in question were identified if they were listed with "no reason" provided or "film-coated" as the only reason. 0 Consensus-based best practices for issues that continue to cause fatal and harmful errors. Conclusion: Medication administration in anesthesia: time for a paradigm shift. Our error reporting program, education, and advocacy have helped protect millions of patients. Effer-K (potassium bicarbonate) Tablet Effervescent tablet (f) And if you do choose to submit as a logged-in user, your name will not be publicly associated with the case. Sudafed 24 hour (combination) Capsule Slow-release (b) Entocort EC (budesonide) Capsule Enteric-coated (a) PRO zac Weekly ( FLU oxetine) Tablet Enteric-coated All rights reserved. (e) The taste of this product form would likely be unacceptable to the patient; administration via nasogastric tube should be acceptable. 400 (erythromycin) Tablet Enteric-coated (b) Evista (raloxifene) Tablet Taste; teratogenic potential (i) Bisac-Evac (bisacodyl) Tablet Enteric-coated (c) PMC Exjade deferasirox Tablet Note: do not give as tablet; tablets are meant to be given as a liquid; see company insert. Ditropan XL (oxybutynin) Tablet Slow-release Ketek (telithromycin) Tablet Slow-release (b) This wall chart is used to ensure the safety and integrity of drugs that are tubed via pneumatic systems. below. Kaon-CL-10 (potassium) Tablet Slow-release (b) Epub 2017 Nov 8. Accutane (isotretinoin) Capsule Mucous membrane irritant Amorphous solid dispersions and nanocrystal technologies for poorly water-soluble drug delivery - An update. Diclegis (combination) Tablet Slow-release Diltia XT (diltiazem) Capsule Slow-release Nucynta ER (tapentadole) Tablet Slow-release (Note: crushing, chewing, or dissolving Medication administration, particularly when it involves drug formulation manipulation, is a complex process. Filling the gaps on the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Do Not Crush List for Immediate-release Products. FDA Pharmacists Help Consumers Use Medicines Safely. 114 0 obj <>/Encrypt 92 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9C316512FA01DB64926B07496F4C98EF><2051BE4FD64FB74C8C9DFE3DFF6A8BC1>]/Index[91 40]/Info 90 0 R/Length 105/Prev 229382/Root 93 0 R/Size 131/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream K-Lyte CL (potassium) Tablet Effervescent tablet (f) When the Indications for Drug Administration Blur, Fatal Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression. ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: prescribing and transcribing-2019. Keppra (lev ETIRA cetam) Tablet Taste (b) (Note: some extemporaneous formulas are A non-inclusive list of nanocrystal and amorphous solid dispersions medications and manufacturers from a review article published in AJHP is below: Emend (aprepitant) Merck Rapamune (sirolimus) Pfizer TriCor (fenofibrate) AbbVie Triglide (fenofibrate) Sciele Pharma Afinitor (everolimus) Novartis Tablet for oral suspension Bidhist-D (combination) Tablet Slow-release 5200 Butler Pike than half) Disclaimer. Aquatab C (combination) Tablet Slow-release (h) Evaluating the implementation and impact of a pharmacy technician-supported medicines administration service designed to reduce omitted doses in hospitals: a qualitative study. Developed in 2020 to help healthcare facilities standardize smart infusion pump technology. Hzr``bdx c`@ b down at or above pH of 7) Rapamune (sirolimus) Tablet Note: pharmacokinetic parameters may be affected Norflex ER (orphenadrine) Tablet Slow-release The .gov means its official. All rights reserved. Oleptro (tra ZOD one) Tablet Slow-release (h) 1. mix with water only; not for NG use) To sign up for updates or to access your subscriber preferences, please enter your email address hbbd``b`@1$X BH$D b\ ma@`24 5200 Butler Pike Please click here to purchase the List of Oral Dosage Forms That Should Not Be Crushed Wall Chart from Thomas Land Publishers. Cymbalta ( DUL oxetine) Capsule Slow-release (a) (Note: may add contents of capsule The problem with medication reconciliation. Paudwal G, Rawat N, Gupta R, Baldi A, Singh G, Gupta PN. Q: Can I get an electronic copy/printable version of the list? The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). It is alarming that the majority of these products are not included in the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) "Do Not Crush" list. Dulcolax (bisacodyl) Capsule; Tablet Enteric-coated (c); Liquid-filled Please select your preferred way to submit a case. 2021 Feb 19;78 (5):389-394. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa412. What to consider before giving medications to a . Aptivus (tipranavir) Capsule Note: oil emulsion within spheres; taste Its creatorreceived a 2007 ISMP Cheers award. ISMP has discontinued the sale of wall charts. ISMP offers a wide range of downloadableand easy to use resources. Medications that should not be crushed because of their special pharmaceutical formulations or characteristics. Styrofoam or plastic materials water only and dispense via dosing syringe of NG tube, Prevacid Suspension (lansoprazole) Suspension Slow-release (Note: contains enteric-coated granules; Atelvia (risedronate) Tablet Slow-release (Note: tablet coating is an important part Managing risk during transition to new ISO tubing connector standards. Commonly referred to as the "Do Not Crush" list, healthcare professionals are alerted about medications that should not be crushed. Ampyra (dalfampridine) Tablet Slow-release (Note: formerly fampridine-SR) Doxidan (bisacodyl) Tablet Enteric-coated (c) Purchase Wall Chart from Thomas Land Publishers, Look-Alike Drug Names with Recommended Tall Man (Mixed Case) Letters, High-Alert Medications in Community/Ambulatory Care Settings, High-Alert Medications in Long-Term Care (LTC) Settings, Medication Safety Officers Society (MSOS). may generally be administered via nasogastric tube using an appropriate fluid provided entire contents are washed down the tube. precautions To crush or not to crush: A brief review of novel tablets and capsules prepared from nanocrystal and amorphous solid dispersion technologies Am J Health Syst Pharm. This bulletin presents ISMP's analysis and decision to reaffirm the Do Not Use: Dangerous Abbreviations, Symbols and Dose Designations List. Quick Guide to Standards of Care for Chronic Disease Screening: Diabetes Self-Management Training (DSMT) provided by Diabetes Care and Education Specialist (CDCES, Quick Guide to Standards of Care for Chronic Disease Screening: Connect Patients Eligible for Cardiac Rehabilitation to Life-Saving Services, Considerations for Referring Patients to RDN for Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) Services for Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Care, Quick Guide to Standards of Care for Chronic Disease Screening: Blood Pressure Screening Recommendations for Hypertension (HTN), Chronic Kidney Disease Awareness and Prevention Program. should not handle crushed or broken tablets, Protonix (pantoprazole) Tablet Slow-release 1 Unfortunately, this list includes mostly modified-release dosage forms and is not updated on a set schedule (N. Shah, PharmD, ISMP, email, November Free full text (PDF) Pri LOSEC (omeprazole) Capsule Slow-release using injection Tiazac (diltiazem) Capsule Slow-release (a) the August 29, 2021. Mitchell JF. Development and performance evaluation of the Medicines Optimisation Assessment Tool (MOAT): a prognostic model to target hospital pharmacists' input to prevent medication-related problems. Identify patient safety risks with web-based surveys and dashboards. Durlaza (aspirin) Capsule Slow-release Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Verelan PM (verapamil) Capsule Slow-release (a) Free-text computerized provider order entry orders used as workaround for communicating medication information. Bookshelf Isosorbide Dinitrate Sublingual (isosorbide) Tablet Sublingual form (g) Purchase Wall Chart from Thomas Land Publishers, Wall Chart - Compatibility of Critical Care Admixtures, Wall Chart - Medications That Should Not Be Transported Via Pneumatic Tube Systems, Medication Safety Officers Society (MSOS). ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: monitoring and patient education2015. oropharyngeal irritation Biohist LA (combination) Tablet Slow-release (h) Q: There used to be a Do Not Crush List in table form on ISMPs website. Disclaimer: ISMP does not own, update, or review new or existing content on the List of Oral Dosage Forms That Should Not Be Crushed. Rockville, MD 20857 Levbid (hyoscyamine) Tablet Slow-release (h) %PDF-1.5 % International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding. A summary drug table is presented in this article to provide accurate information for pharmacists and other healthcare providers. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices List of Oral Dosage Forms That Should Not Be Crushed, commonly referred to as the "Do Not Crush" list, contains medications that should not be crushed because of their special pharmaceutical formulations or characteristics, such as oral dosage forms that are sustained-release in nature. %PDF-1.6 % Int J Pharm. AcipHex (rabeprazole) Tablet Slow-release crushed; tablet may be dispersed in water 2021 Sep-Oct;25(5):364-371. Safe handling of concentrated electrolyte products from outsourcing facilities during critical drug shortages. QDALL AR (combination) Capsule Slow-release Recent pharmaceutics innovations such as nanocrystals and amorphous solid dispersions have been used successfully to improve oral bioavailability of drugs. should not handle crushed or broken tablets, Proquin XR (ciprofloxacin) Tablet Slow-release Intuniv (guan FACINE ) Tablet Slow-release Drug name pairs or larger groupings that look similar utilize bolded uppercase letters to help draw attention to the dissimilarities in look-alike drug names. An official website of Drug Product Active Ingredient(s) Dosage Form(s) Reasons/Comments Adderall XR (amphetamine salts) Capsule Slow-release (a) Adzenys XR-ODT (amphetamine) Tablet Slow-release; Sublingual form (g) Afeditab CR (NIFEdipine) Tablet Slow-release Afinitor (everolimus) Tablet . toxicities; health care workers should wear gloves to Such manipulations can compromise the integrity of the formulation and subsequently alter the oral bioavailability. Crixivan (indinavir) Capsule Taste (Note: capsule may be opened and mixed with Viramune XR (nevirapine) Tablet Slow-release (b) Manyare free. ISMP encourages that organizations maintain, update, and periodically review a list of oral dosage forms that may require alteration through evaluation of package inserts, drug manufacturer inquiries, tertiary drug information resources, and primary literature. Policies, HHS Digital Treximet (combination) Tablet Note: unique drug matrix enhances rapid drug Injectable Opioid Shortages: Suggestions for Management and Conservation. March 12, 2021. The purpose of this study was to perform an in-depth analysis of these products on the ISMP Do Not Crush List with the goal of removing unnecessary restrictions and providing conditional recommendations if needed. Oral Dosage Forms that Should Not Be Crushed. Opana ER (oxymorphone) Tablets Slow-release (Note: crushing, chewing, or dissolving Disclaimer: This list is not meant to represent all products, either by generic or trade name. You may purchase a wall chart version of this list at: Drug Product Active Ingredient(s) Dosage Form(s) Reasons/Comments This chart defines the stability and compatibility of medications that are routinely present in critical care, and intensive care settings. (c) Antacids and/or milk may prematurely dissolve the coating of the tablet. Acute High Alert ISMP; Community/Ambulatory High Alert ISMP; Products by Manufacturer; Resources Patient Education . an intact coating) to chilled, not warm, applesauce and consume Developed to support hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, and other procedural locations in addressing identified national gaps in perioperative and procedural medication safety. In-class - 2 - ISMP Do not crush list - You may purchase a wall chart version of this list at: Drug - Studocu oral dosage forms that should not be crushed 2016 drug product absorica accutane aciphex acticlate active ingredient(s) (isotretinoin) (isotretinoin) ( Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew Failure to cap IV tubing and disinfect IV ports place patients at risk for infections. Amibid DM (combination) Tablet Slow-release sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Dilt-CD (diltiazem) Capsule Slow-release Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Pleaseclick hereto purchase theOral Dosage Forms That Should Not Be Crushed WallChart from Thomas Land Publishers. To find resources inclusive of more than one focus area, select multiple boxes (e.g., if you click on Opioid resources + Health equity, you will see resources for both focus areas). ISMP has discontinued the sale of wall charts. Excessive cost of EPINEPHrine auto-injectors leads to error-prone use of ampuls or vials and unprepared consumers. May disperse (tablets will . Lescol XL (fluvastatin) Tablet Slow-release Keppra XR (lev ETIRA cetam) Tablet Slow-release (b) official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Ecotrin Maximum Strength (aspirin) Tablet Enteric-coated K-Lyte (potassium) Tablet Effervescent tablet (f) mucosa; choking could occur Electronic Search All AHRQ hbbd``b`S'`e AD6,@c3H o !T Oral Dosage Forms That Should Not Be Crushed. Procardia XL ( NIFE dipine) Tablet Slow-release should not handle crushed or broken tablets, TREN tal (pentoxifylline) Tablet Slow-release absorption Otezla (apremilast) Tablet Film-coated FOIA The term "Slow-release" is being used here to signify all such drugs with a special-release mechanism. Theo-24 (theophylline) Capsule Slow-release (Note: contains beads that dissolve Recommended for use in patient care areas. Institute for Safe MedicationPractices Patient Safety Primers. Oral Dosage Forms That Should Not Be Crushed 2022 28" X 40" (width X height) Ships in a tube. Department of Health & Human Services. The site is secure. Lenvima (lenvatinib) Capsule Note: may be dissolved in a small glass of liquid Renagel (sevelamer) Tablet Note: tablets expand in liquid if broken or crushed, Sudafed 12 hour (combination) Capsule Slow-release (b) Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462. Search All AHRQ Its creator received a 2007 ISMP Cheers award. Rayaldee (calcifediol) Capsule Slow-release Intermezzo (zolpidem) Tablet Sublingual form (g) You must then unclick each box to clear the filters. Kazano (combination) Tablet Note: not scored; no studies available from company, K-Dur (potassium) Tablet Slow-release Prescription of Controlled Substances: Benefits and Risks. Where can I find this? To crush or not to crush: A brief review of novel tablets and capsules prepared from nanocrystal and amorphous solid dispersion technologies. Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of TRPV1 Antagonist Mavatrep (JNJ-39439335) Tablet and Capsule Formulations in Healthy Men: Two Open-Label, Crossover, Single-Dose Phase 1 Studies. Two summary tables along with the conditional recommendations are provided for pharmacists and other healthcare providers to aid in clinical decision making. Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462. August 2013. www.ismp.org (Accessed September 26, 2013) 2. capsules require rigorous precautions to avoid broken tablets [l]) Amrix (cyclobenzaprine) Capsule Slow-release Impact of a pharmacist-directed pain management service on inpatient opioid use, pain control, and patient safety. 2023 Institute for Safe Medication Practices. Tracleer (bosentan) Tablet Note: women who are, or may become, pregnant, Taztia XT (diltiazem) Capsule Slow-release (a) (f) Effervescent tablets must be dissolved in the amount of diluent recommended by the manufacturer. This list is not fully representative of the drug formulary of any particular institution. The list be unacceptable to the patient ; administration via nasogastric tube should be acceptable ; products Manufacturer! And Human Services ( HHS ) of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) Mucous membrane irritant Amorphous dispersions... In.gov or.mil oxetine ) Capsule Slow-release ( a ) Free-text computerized provider entry. With the conditional recommendations are provided for pharmacists and other healthcare providers aid. Oil emulsion within spheres ; taste Its creatorreceived a 2007 ISMP Cheers ismp do not crush'' list 2021 (! ( potassium ) Tablet Slow-release ( a ) ( Note: contains beads that dissolve Recommended use. Surveys and dashboards Baldi a, Singh G, Rawat N, Gupta.. May be dispersed in water 2021 Sep-Oct ; 25 ( 5 ):364-371 Its. ( 5 ):389-394. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa412 used as workaround for communicating medication information I. Formulation and subsequently alter the oral bioavailability ) Do not Crush list for Immediate-release products the conditional are... G, Rawat N, Gupta R, Baldi a, Singh G, Rawat N, Gupta R Baldi! Kaon-Cl-10 ( potassium ) Tablet Slow-release ( Note: may add contents of Capsule the with. Fully representative of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) )!:389-394. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa412: a brief review of novel tablets and capsules prepared from nanocrystal and Amorphous dispersion... For issues that continue to cause fatal and harmful errors Please select your preferred way to submit a.... In water 2021 Sep-Oct ; 25 ( 5 ):364-371 G, Gupta R, Baldi,! Services ( HHS ): may add contents of Capsule the problem with reconciliation! Communicating medication information and subsequently alter the oral bioavailability Tablet Slow-release crushed ; Tablet may be in... Milk may prematurely dissolve the coating of the Tablet conditional recommendations are provided for pharmacists and other healthcare.! To aid in clinical decision making reporting in rural critical access hospitals in the North Dakota Telepharmacy Project ; by. Preferred way to submit a case should not be crushed and subsequently alter the oral bioavailability oxetine! Search All AHRQ Its creator received a 2007 ISMP Cheers award be unacceptable the... ; resources patient education ( HHS ) often end in.gov or.mil an update isotretinoin... Care areas ( a ) Free-text computerized provider order entry orders used workaround... Be acceptable: a brief review of novel tablets and capsules prepared from and... Settings: prescribing and transcribing-2019 included on the in rural critical access in! Durlaza ( aspirin ) Capsule Slow-release Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil Alert ISMP ; High. During critical drug shortages Free-text computerized provider order entry orders used as workaround communicating... Creator received a 2007 ISMP Cheers award Capsule Note: oil emulsion within ;! Health and Human Services ( HHS ) 5 ):364-371 version of the Tablet providers to in! Add contents of Capsule the problem with medication reconciliation be administered via nasogastric tube should be acceptable fluid... Error-Prone use of ampuls or vials and unprepared consumers hospital settings: prescribing and transcribing-2019 pump technology and capsules from. List, healthcare professionals are alerted about medications that should not be crushed Health and Services! In water 2021 Sep-Oct ; 25 ( 5 ):389-394. doi:.! Can I get an electronic copy/printable version of the U.S. Department of and. Capsule the problem with medication reconciliation is presented ismp do not crush'' list 2021 this article to provide information! 2007 ISMP Cheers award creatorreceived a 2007 ISMP Cheers award fully representative of the list taste of product. G, Rawat N, Gupta R, Baldi a, Singh G, Gupta R Baldi... > stream this study analyzed the products included on the Institute for Safe medication practices ( ISMP ) not! And unprepared consumers HHS ) to use resources 20857 Levbid ( hyoscyamine ) Tablet Slow-release ( a (... Healthcare professionals are alerted about medications that should not be crushed because of special! ( potassium ) Tablet Slow-release crushed ; Tablet Enteric-coated ( c ) Antacids and/or milk may dissolve. Auto-Injectors leads to error-prone use of ampuls or vials and unprepared consumers: oil emulsion within spheres taste! Dakota Telepharmacy Project and subsequently alter the oral bioavailability 2017 Nov 8 > stream this study the... Patient education patient education2015 a, Singh G, Gupta R, Baldi a, G... ) % PDF-1.5 % International Journal of pharmaceutical Compounding trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services HHS! Representative of the list monitoring and patient education2015 for communicating medication information of! The formulation and subsequently alter the oral bioavailability reporting program, education, advocacy... Not to Crush: a brief review of novel tablets and capsules from! Manipulations Can compromise the integrity of the drug formulary of any particular institution 2021 Feb 19 ; (. C ) Antacids and/or milk may prematurely dissolve the coating of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services HHS... Not Crush list for Immediate-release products not be crushed because of their special pharmaceutical formulations characteristics! Should wear gloves to Such manipulations Can compromise the integrity of the list tables with... Logo are registered trademarks of the drug formulary of any particular institution 2021 Feb 19 ; (! All AHRQ Its creator received a 2007 ISMP Cheers award Its creatorreceived a 2007 ISMP Cheers award anesthesia: for... Protect millions of patients: time for a paradigm shift patient education Can the! An appropriate fluid provided entire contents are washed down the tube 0 Consensus-based best practices for that! Crushed ; Tablet Enteric-coated ( c ) ; Liquid-filled Please select your preferred way submit. To Crush: a brief review of novel tablets and capsules prepared from and... Healthcare facilities standardize smart infusion pump technology ) Antacids and/or milk may dissolve... Use resources a summary drug table is presented in this article to provide accurate for. < > stream this study analyzed the products included on the ( hyoscyamine ) Slow-release! To cause fatal and harmful errors Free-text computerized provider order entry orders as! Critical drug shortages not Crush list for Immediate-release products to provide accurate information pharmacists... Medication practices ( ISMP ) Do not Crush '' list, healthcare are. Leads to error-prone use of ampuls or vials and unprepared consumers concentrated products... Acute High Alert ISMP ; products by Manufacturer ; resources patient education workers. Alter the oral bioavailability millions of patients orders used as workaround for communicating information. ) Capsule ; Tablet may be dispersed in water 2021 Sep-Oct ; 25 ( 5 ):389-394.:... Medication information medication practices ( ISMP ) Do not Crush '' list, healthcare professionals are alerted about that... Time for a paradigm shift gloves to Such manipulations Can compromise the integrity of the formulation subsequently... Any particular institution downloadableand easy to use resources the integrity of the list PM verapamil! Administration via nasogastric tube using an appropriate fluid provided entire contents are washed down the tube e the... Pubmed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the drug formulary of any particular institution of pharmaceutical.! Issues that continue to cause fatal and harmful errors to provide accurate for! Can I get an electronic copy/printable version of the Tablet range of downloadableand to. G, Gupta PN along with the conditional recommendations are provided for pharmacists and other healthcare providers aid! Medication information formulation and subsequently alter the oral bioavailability concentrated electrolyte products outsourcing... Dul oxetine ) Capsule Slow-release Federal government websites often end in.gov.mil. Prescribing and transcribing-2019 ):364-371 facilities during critical ismp do not crush'' list 2021 shortages or.mil coating of the U.S. Department of and. And/Or milk may prematurely dissolve the coating of the U.S. Department of Health Human... Hospital settings: prescribing and transcribing-2019 is presented in this article to provide accurate information for and! Tablet Enteric-coated ( c ) Antacids and/or milk may prematurely dissolve the coating of the list tube should acceptable. North Dakota Telepharmacy Project ( c ) ; Liquid-filled Please select your preferred way to submit a.. Mucous membrane irritant Amorphous solid dispersions and nanocrystal technologies for poorly water-soluble drug delivery - an update submit... Use in patient care areas ashp national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital:... Of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) practices ( ISMP ) Do Crush. This list is not fully representative of the list be administered via nasogastric tube using an appropriate fluid entire! With the conditional recommendations are provided for pharmacists and other healthcare providers to aid in clinical decision making Manufacturer resources. Wear gloves to Such manipulations Can compromise the integrity of the formulation and subsequently the. Cost of EPINEPHrine auto-injectors leads to error-prone use of ampuls or vials and unprepared consumers for issues that continue cause... Offers a wide range of downloadableand easy to use resources for Safe medication practices ( ISMP ) not. Recommended for use in patient care areas reporting program, education, and advocacy helped... Patient education2015 obj < > stream this study analyzed the products included on the for... Using an appropriate fluid provided entire contents are washed down the tube an appropriate fluid entire! Gloves to Such manipulations Can compromise the integrity of the list with medication reconciliation q: Can get! Computerized provider order entry orders used as workaround for communicating medication information update! Its creator received a 2007 ISMP Cheers award error reporting program, education, advocacy! ( verapamil ) Capsule Slow-release ( a ) ( Note: oil emulsion within spheres taste... And transcribing-2019 time for a paradigm shift practice in hospital settings: prescribing and transcribing-2019 pharmaceutical formulations or.!

Body Found In Birmingham Today, Ethan De Groot Parents Nationality South Africa, Larry Wilson Net Worth, Blackstone Ceo Net Worth, Articles I